Īfghanistan first began producing opium in significant quantities in the mid-1950s, to supply its neighbor Iran after poppy cultivation was banned there. : 26 With a farm gate price of approximately $125 per kilogram for dry opium (2007 prices), an Afghan farmer can make 17 times more profit growing opium poppy ($4,622 per hectare), than by growing wheat ($266 per hectare). The opium poppy however is drought tolerant, doesn't spoil on long voyages, is easy to transport and store, and sells for a premium. The dry climate and difficulty of transporting fresh produce makes export agriculture hard in Afghanistan. Ī world map showing heroin production regions
The Taliban outlawed production again in April 2022, during the poppy harvest. After the Fall of Kabul in 2021, the opium trade boomed, and most farmers planted at least some opium for harvest in spring 2022. The then Afghan government also outlawed production, but despite help from coalition military forces to tamp down on drug trafficking, the ban did little to stop production. Despite having previously banned opium, the Taliban used opium money to fuel their two-decade campaign to retake Afghanistan. The opium trade spiked in 2006 after the Taliban lost control of local warlords. The Afghan war in 2001 meant that the ban was only briefly effective.
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Poorly enforced restrictions in the 1990s were a prelude to a full and very effective ban on religious grounds in 2000. The Taliban have taken mixed stances on opium over the years. In addition to opium, Afghanistan is also the world's leading producer of hashish. As of 2017, opium production provides about 400,000 jobs in Afghanistan, more than the Afghan National Security Forces. In the seven years (1994–2000) prior to a Taliban opium ban, the Afghan farmers' share of gross income from opium was divided among 200,000 families. This amounts to an export value of about US$4 billion, with a quarter being earned by opium farmers and the rest going to district officials, insurgents, warlords, and drug traffickers. By 2019 Afghanistan still produced about 84% of the world market.
In 2007, 93% of the non-pharmaceutical-grade opiates on the world market originated in Afghanistan. The country has been the world's leading illicit drug producer since 2001. More land is used for opium in Afghanistan than is used for coca cultivation in Latin America. As of 2021, Afghanistan's harvest produces more than 90% of illicit heroin globally, and more than 95% of the European supply. Poppy plantation in Gostan valley, Nimruz ProvinceĪfghanistan has long had a history of opium poppy cultivation and harvest.
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